{
  "id": "lotos-s1",
  "name": "Lotos-S1 (Liana)",
  "aliases": [
    "14F145",
    "Liana"
  ],
  "domain": "space",
  "country": "RUS",
  "category": "SIGINT satellite constellation",
  "status": "in-service",
  "fielded": null,
  "operators": [
    "RUS"
  ],
  "summary": "ELINT component of Russia's Liana system, replacing Tselina-2.",
  "specs": [
    {
      "k": "orbit_regime",
      "v": "LEO",
      "src": [
        "gsp-lotos-s1"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "orbit_text",
      "v": "901 km × 910 km, 67.15°",
      "src": [
        "gsp-lotos-s1"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "sats_count",
      "v": 8,
      "src": [
        "gsp-lotos-s1"
      ],
      "conf": "medium",
      "note": "Kosmos 2502 (2014) to Kosmos 2580 (2024); ninth planned 2026"
    },
    {
      "k": "first_launch",
      "v": 2014,
      "src": [
        "gsp-lotos-s1"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "contractor",
      "v": "TsSKB-Progress (bus), KB Arsenal (payload)",
      "src": [
        "gsp-lotos-s1"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    }
  ],
  "payloads": [],
  "variants": [],
  "art": "satellite",
  "image": null,
  "verified": null,
  "changelog": [
    {
      "date": "2026-11-08",
      "change": "Entry created from cited open sources"
    }
  ],
  "url": "https://www.defensepedia.com/systems/lotos-s1.html",
  "sources": {
    "gsp-lotos-s1": {
      "title": "Lotos-S1 (14F145)",
      "publisher": "Gunter's Space Page",
      "url": "https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/lotos-s1.htm",
      "published": null,
      "tier": 3,
      "checked": "2026-11-08"
    }
  }
}