{
  "id": "glonass",
  "name": "GLONASS",
  "aliases": [],
  "domain": "space",
  "country": "RUS",
  "category": "Navigation satellite constellation",
  "status": "in-service",
  "fielded": 1993,
  "operators": [
    "RUS"
  ],
  "summary": "Russia's global navigation satellite system in medium Earth orbit.",
  "specs": [
    {
      "k": "orbit_regime",
      "v": "MEO",
      "src": [
        "roscosmos-icg-2024"
      ],
      "conf": "high"
    },
    {
      "k": "sats_count",
      "v": 26,
      "src": [
        "roscosmos-icg-2024"
      ],
      "conf": "high",
      "note": "24 operational, 2 in commissioning (Feb 2024): 21 GLONASS-M, 4 GLONASS-K, 1 GLONASS-K2"
    },
    {
      "k": "program",
      "v": "First GLONASS-K2 launched 7 August 2023; planned high-orbit segment of at least 6 IGSO satellites (34,000–38,000 km, 64.8°)",
      "src": [
        "roscosmos-icg-2024"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "on_orbit",
      "v": 27,
      "src": [
        "celestrak-gp"
      ],
      "conf": "high",
      "note": "Payloads with current element sets in the public catalog, active or not."
    },
    {
      "k": "active_sats",
      "v": 27,
      "src": [
        "celestrak-gp"
      ],
      "conf": "medium",
      "note": "Count in the CelesTrak active satellites list, which estimates operational status."
    },
    {
      "k": "perigee_km",
      "v": [
        19067,
        19139
      ],
      "src": [
        "celestrak-gp"
      ],
      "conf": "high",
      "note": "Active satellites per CelesTrak, element epoch about 2026-11-08."
    },
    {
      "k": "apogee_km",
      "v": [
        19135,
        19192
      ],
      "src": [
        "celestrak-gp"
      ],
      "conf": "high",
      "note": "Active satellites per CelesTrak, element epoch about 2026-11-08."
    },
    {
      "k": "period_min",
      "v": [
        675.7,
        676.4
      ],
      "src": [
        "celestrak-gp"
      ],
      "conf": "high",
      "note": "Active satellites per CelesTrak, element epoch about 2026-11-08."
    },
    {
      "k": "inclination_deg",
      "v": [
        63.61,
        65.67
      ],
      "src": [
        "celestrak-gp"
      ],
      "conf": "high",
      "note": "Active satellites per CelesTrak, element epoch about 2026-11-08."
    }
  ],
  "payloads": [],
  "variants": [],
  "art": "satellite",
  "image": null,
  "verified": null,
  "changelog": [
    {
      "date": "2026-11-08",
      "change": "Entry created from cited open sources"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-11-08",
      "change": "Orbital elements from CelesTrak GP data (epoch about 2026-11-08): 27 catalogued, 27 active."
    }
  ],
  "satellites": [
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2433 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 32275,
      "cospar": "2007-052A",
      "perigee_km": 19115,
      "apogee_km": 19145,
      "inclination_deg": 65.49,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-07",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2007-10-26"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2434 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 32393,
      "cospar": "2007-065A",
      "perigee_km": 19120,
      "apogee_km": 19139,
      "inclination_deg": 64.32,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-07",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2007-12-25"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2436 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 32395,
      "cospar": "2007-065C",
      "perigee_km": 19085,
      "apogee_km": 19175,
      "inclination_deg": 64.33,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-08",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2007-12-25"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2456 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 36111,
      "cospar": "2009-070A",
      "perigee_km": 19125,
      "apogee_km": 19135,
      "inclination_deg": 65.1,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-08",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2009-12-14"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2457 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 36112,
      "cospar": "2009-070B",
      "perigee_km": 19116,
      "apogee_km": 19144,
      "inclination_deg": 65.09,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-06",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2009-12-14"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2476 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 37867,
      "cospar": "2011-064A",
      "perigee_km": 19069,
      "apogee_km": 19191,
      "inclination_deg": 65.36,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-08",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2011-11-04"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2477 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 37868,
      "cospar": "2011-064B",
      "perigee_km": 19077,
      "apogee_km": 19183,
      "inclination_deg": 65.37,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-06",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2011-11-04"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2475 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 37869,
      "cospar": "2011-064C",
      "perigee_km": 19073,
      "apogee_km": 19187,
      "inclination_deg": 65.28,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-10-15",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2011-11-04"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2485 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 39155,
      "cospar": "2013-019A",
      "perigee_km": 19067,
      "apogee_km": 19192,
      "inclination_deg": 65.51,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-07",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2013-04-26"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2492 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 39620,
      "cospar": "2014-012A",
      "perigee_km": 19096,
      "apogee_km": 19164,
      "inclination_deg": 65.21,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-07",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2014-03-23"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2500 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 40001,
      "cospar": "2014-032A",
      "perigee_km": 19107,
      "apogee_km": 19153,
      "inclination_deg": 65.14,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-08",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2014-06-14"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2501 [GLONASS-K]",
      "norad": 40315,
      "cospar": "2014-075A",
      "perigee_km": 19075,
      "apogee_km": 19184,
      "inclination_deg": 63.61,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-07",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2014-11-30"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2514 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 41330,
      "cospar": "2016-008A",
      "perigee_km": 19096,
      "apogee_km": 19163,
      "inclination_deg": 64.93,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-07",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2016-02-07"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2522 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 42939,
      "cospar": "2017-055A",
      "perigee_km": 19111,
      "apogee_km": 19149,
      "inclination_deg": 64.08,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-08",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2017-09-22"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2527 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 43508,
      "cospar": "2018-053A",
      "perigee_km": 19109,
      "apogee_km": 19151,
      "inclination_deg": 65.67,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-07",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2018-06-16"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2529 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 43687,
      "cospar": "2018-086A",
      "perigee_km": 19109,
      "apogee_km": 19151,
      "inclination_deg": 64.29,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-07",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2018-11-03"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2534 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 44299,
      "cospar": "2019-030A",
      "perigee_km": 19106,
      "apogee_km": 19154,
      "inclination_deg": 64.37,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-08",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2019-05-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2544 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 44850,
      "cospar": "2019-088A",
      "perigee_km": 19095,
      "apogee_km": 19164,
      "inclination_deg": 65.65,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-07",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2019-12-11"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2545 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 45358,
      "cospar": "2020-018A",
      "perigee_km": 19099,
      "apogee_km": 19161,
      "inclination_deg": 64.26,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-08",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2020-03-16"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2547 [GLONASS-K]",
      "norad": 46805,
      "cospar": "2020-075A",
      "perigee_km": 19112,
      "apogee_km": 19148,
      "inclination_deg": 64.6,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-06",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2020-10-25"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2557 [GLONASS-K]",
      "norad": 52984,
      "cospar": "2022-075A",
      "perigee_km": 19096,
      "apogee_km": 19164,
      "inclination_deg": 64.21,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-08",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2022-07-07"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2559 [GLONASS-K]",
      "norad": 54031,
      "cospar": "2022-130A",
      "perigee_km": 19097,
      "apogee_km": 19163,
      "inclination_deg": 64.18,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-07",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2022-10-10"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2564 [GLONASS-M]",
      "norad": 54377,
      "cospar": "2022-161A",
      "perigee_km": 19105,
      "apogee_km": 19154,
      "inclination_deg": 64.74,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-07",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2022-11-28"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2569 [GLONASS-K2]",
      "norad": 57517,
      "cospar": "2023-114A",
      "perigee_km": 19105,
      "apogee_km": 19155,
      "inclination_deg": 65.39,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-07",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2023-08-07"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2584 [GLONASS-K2]",
      "norad": 63130,
      "cospar": "2025-042A",
      "perigee_km": 19111,
      "apogee_km": 19149,
      "inclination_deg": 65.17,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-07",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2025-03-02"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2596 [GLONASS-K1]",
      "norad": 65590,
      "cospar": "2025-206B",
      "perigee_km": 19096,
      "apogee_km": 19164,
      "inclination_deg": 64.55,
      "period_min": 675.7,
      "epoch": "2026-11-08",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2025-09-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "COSMOS 2620 [GLONASS-K1]",
      "norad": 100744,
      "cospar": "2026-216A",
      "perigee_km": 19139,
      "apogee_km": 19153,
      "inclination_deg": 64.78,
      "period_min": 676.4,
      "epoch": "2026-10-22",
      "active": true,
      "owner": "CIS",
      "launch": "2026-09-17"
    }
  ],
  "url": "https://www.defensepedia.com/systems/glonass.html",
  "sources": {
    "roscosmos-icg-2024": {
      "title": "GLONASS Status (ICG presentation, Tokyo)",
      "publisher": "Roscosmos / UN Office for Outer Space Affairs",
      "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/icg/2024/Tokyo2024/A04_GLONASS.pdf",
      "published": "2024-02-13",
      "tier": 1,
      "checked": "2026-11-08"
    },
    "celestrak-gp": {
      "title": "NORAD GP element sets (current data)",
      "publisher": "CelesTrak (data from the U.S. Space Force 18th/19th Space Defense Squadron catalog)",
      "url": "https://celestrak.org/NORAD/elements/",
      "published": "2026-11-08",
      "tier": 1,
      "checked": "2026-11-08"
    }
  }
}